1.4.1 After World War II, 12.2 Continued resistance Changes in national assessment policy, The main trading centers are London and New York City though Tokyo Hong Kong and Singapore are all important centers as well Banks throughout the world participate Currency trading happens continuously throughout the day; as the Asian trading session ends the European session begins followed by the North American session and then back to the Asian session. In 1949 after the Malayan Union had been replaced by the semi-autonomous Federation of Malaya UMNO shifted its focus to politics and governance The Malay people thus search for their birth-rights since the government of Malaya did not proclaim it openly resulting in a confusing situation However it is crucial that UMNO's struggle is apparently not racial based As they also fought for other races once they are at the helm of the country, 11.1 Primary sources 9 See also, Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover. At one end of the room sits a large chair for the Speaker of the House The speaker usually wears black robes and in some countries a wig Robed parliamentary clerks often sit at narrow tables between the two rows of seats as well These narrow tables in the centre of the chamber is usually where ministers or members of the house come to speak. . Flag of Singapore.svg, Holocene climatic optimum, External influence over national educational policy. Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. This was enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent militarism which had led to conflict However in 1947 the Public Security Force was formed; later in 1954 in the early stages of the Cold War the Public Security Force formed the basis of the newly created Ground Self-Defense Force. Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only this force constitutes the modern army of Japan, In 1824 the entire island as well as the Temenggong became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan in 1826 Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements under the jurisdiction of British India becoming the regional capital in 1836. Prior to Raffles' arrival there were only about a thousand people living on the island mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese by 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000 more than half being Chinese. Many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations. Later in the 1890s when the rubber industry also became established in Malaya and Singapore the island became a global centre for rubber sorting and export. Central banks Education takes place in three stages: primary secondary and pre-university education Only the primary level is compulsory Students begin with six years of primary school which is made up of a four-year foundation course and a two-year orientation stage The curriculum is focused on the development of English the mother tongue mathematics and science. Secondary school lasts from four to five years and is divided between Special Express Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) streams in each school depending on a student's ability level the basic coursework breakdown is the same as in the primary level although classes are much more specialised. Pre-university education takes place over two to three years at senior schools mostly called Junior Colleges as alternatives to Pre-U education however courses are offered in other post-secondary education institutions including 5 polytechnics and the institutes of technical education (ITEs) Singapore has six public universities of which the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are among the top 20 universities in the world.

. . Direct election (such as the Australian Senate) The public transport system is regulated by the Land Transport Authority which oversees the three main modes of public transportation Fare regulation and bus service standards are under the purview of an independent body the Public Transport Council while TransitLink established by SBS Transit SMRT Trains and SMRT Buses helps to create a system with a common fare-payment mode information platform and a physical network without duplication of services. . 7 Infrastructure The area of Java is approximately 150,000 square kilometres (58,000 sq mi). It is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River the river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya Other major rivers are Brantas Citarum Cimanuk and Serayu.