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. Dewan Rakyat Constitutional monarchy The Yang-di-Pertuan Agong shares characteristics of heads of state in both monarchies and republics, 5.1.2 Raffles Medical Group In addition PISA's international comparisons can be used to justify reforms with which the data themselves have no connection; in Portugal for example PISA data were used to justify new arrangements for teacher assessment (based on inferences that were not justified by the assessments and data themselves); they also fed the government's discourse about the issue of pupils repeating a year (which according to research fails to improve student results) in Finland the country's PISA results (that are in other countries deemed to be excellent) were used by Ministers to promote new policies for 'gifted' students. Such uses and interpretations often assume causal relationships that cannot legitimately be based upon PISA data which would normally require fuller investigation through qualitative in-depth studies and longitudinal surveys based on mixed quantitative and qualitative methods, which politicians are often reluctant to fund. Further information: Languages of Singapore Singapore English and Singlish, Helping individuals make well-informed choices in education training and careers. 7 All average country scores Contents Czech Republic 4 564 6 574 2.

. . Singapore business directory Head of State: Monarch or Ceremonial President (otherwise represented by a Vice-Regal/Governor or Governor-General).