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. ! Ptolemy's Almagest is the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy Babylonian astronomers had developed arithmetical techniques for calculating astronomical phenomena; Greek astronomers such as Hipparchus had produced geometric models for calculating celestial motions Ptolemy however claimed to have derived his geometrical models from selected astronomical observations by his predecessors spanning more than 800 years though astronomers have for centuries suspected that his models' parameters were adopted independently of observations. Ptolemy presented his astronomical models in convenient tables which could be used to compute the future or past position of the planets the Almagest also contains a star catalogue which is a version of a catalogue created by Hipparchus Its list of forty-eight constellations is ancestral to the modern system of constellations but unlike the modern system they did not cover the whole sky (only the sky Hipparchus could see) Across Europe the Middle East and North Africa in the Medieval period it was the authoritative text on astronomy with its author becoming an almost mythical figure called Ptolemy King of Alexandria the Almagest was preserved like most of extant Classical Greek science in Arabic manuscripts (hence its familiar name) Because of its reputation it was widely sought and was translated twice into Latin in the 12th century once in Sicily and again in Spain. Ptolemy's model like those of his predecessors was geocentric and was almost universally accepted until the appearance of simpler heliocentric models during the scientific revolution, 4 Method of testing Human activities can also change earth's climate and are presently driving climate change through global warming. There is no general agreement in scientific media or policy documents as to the precise term to be used to refer to anthropogenic forced change; either "global warming" or "climate change" may be used the first describes the average effect on a global scale whilst the second describes how different geographical regions are affected differently. ; . Expansion On 27 August 1979 Mountbatten went lobster-potting and tuna fishing in his 30-foot (9.1 m) wooden boat Shadow V which had been moored in the harbour at Mullaghmore. IRA member Thomas McMahon had slipped onto the unguarded boat that night and attached a radio-controlled bomb weighing 50 pounds (23 kg) When Mountbatten was aboard just a few hundred yards from the shore the bomb was detonated The boat was destroyed by the force of the blast and Mountbatten's legs were almost blown off Mountbatten then aged 79 was pulled alive from the water by nearby fishermen but died from his injuries before being brought to shore. Also aboard the boat were his elder daughter Patricia (Lady Brabourne) her husband John (Lord Brabourne) their twin sons Nicholas and Timothy Knatchbull John's mother Doreen (dowager) Lady Brabourne and Paul Maxwell a young crew member from County Fermanagh. Nicholas (aged 14) and Paul (aged 15) were killed by the blast and the others were seriously injured. Doreen Lady Brabourne (aged 83) died from her injuries the following day, 16,156 mergers and acquisitions deals have been conducted in Singapore so far which accumulated to a total value of 850 bil USD Since 1985 there has been a constant upward trend disrupted only in 2002 and 2009 the most active year in terms of numbers (926) and value (78 bil USD) has been 2017 so there is currently an all time high In general inbound and outbound deals in Singapore are nearly equally distributed. Main article: Media of Singapore, Singapore is a major international transport hub in Asia serving some of the busiest sea and air trade routes Changi Airport is an aviation centre for Southeast Asia and a stopover on the Kangaroo Route between Sydney and London. There are eight airports around Singapore but besides Changi Airport the other seven are not open to the public - Seletar Airport Kallang Airport Paya Lebar Air Base Tengah Air Base Sembawang Air Base Changi Air Base and Changi Air Base (East) Singapore Changi Airport hosts a network of over 100 airlines connecting Singapore to some 300 cities in about 70 countries and territories worldwide it has been rated one of the best international airports by international travel magazines including being rated as the world's best airport for the first time in 2006 by Skytrax the national airline is Singapore Airlines. Controversy about currency speculators and their effect on currency devaluations and national economies recurs regularly Economists such as Milton Friedman have argued that speculators ultimately are a stabilizing influence on the market and that stabilizing speculation performs the important function of providing a market for hedgers and transferring risk from those people who don't wish to bear it to those who do. Other economists such as Joseph Stiglitz consider this argument to be based more on politics and a free market philosophy than on economics!

2 Geography Year GDP Contents An important tool with which a central bank can affect the monetary base is open market operations if its country has a well developed market for its government bonds This entails managing the quantity of money in circulation through the buying and selling of various financial instruments such as treasury bills company bonds or foreign currencies in exchange for money on deposit at the central bank Those deposits are convertible to currency so all of these purchases or sales result in more or less base currency entering or leaving market circulation For example if the central bank wishes to lower interest rates (executing expansionary monetary policy) it purchases government debt thereby increasing the amount of cash in circulation or crediting banks' reserve accounts Commercial banks then have more money to lend so they reduce lending rates making loans less expensive Cheaper credit card interest rates boost consumer spending Additionally when business loans are more affordable companies can expand to keep up with consumer demand They ultimately hire more workers whose incomes rise which in its turn also increases the demand This tool is usually enough to stimulate demand and drive economic growth to a healthy rate Usually the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target In other instances monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold For example in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight; however the monetary policy of China is[when?] to target the exchange rate between the Chinese renminbi and a basket of foreign currencies. The size of continents is also important Because of the stabilizing effect of the oceans on temperature yearly temperature variations are generally lower in coastal areas than they are inland A larger supercontinent will therefore have more area in which climate is strongly seasonal than will several smaller continents or islands! 10.3 Sport and recreation The concepts of democracy peace progress justice and equality are enshrined as stars in the Singapore national flag Freedom in the World ranked Singapore 4 out of 7 for political freedom and 4 out of 7 for civil liberties (where 1 is the most free) with an overall ranking of "partly free" Reporters without Borders ranked Singapore 153th out of 180 countries in their Press Freedom Index for 2015, Under this agreement Singapore is entitled to receive up to 250 million imperial gallons (1,100,000 m3) per day corresponding to 66% of its water use of 380 million imperial gallons (1,700,000 m3) in 2011 Furthermore under the 1990 agreement Singapore is entitled to buy an additional unspecified quantity of treated water from the Linggui dam in Malaysia at a price that is higher than under the previous agreement The actual amount of water imported is claimed to be lower than the entitlements However this cannot be verified from any official sources and should be considered untrue. ?Australian dollar On 20 May 2010 the CPE has registered the first batch of private education institutions (PEIs) under the Enhanced Registration Framework (ERF) Following the launch of the new private education regulatory regime on 21 Dec 2009 all PEIs within the regulatory scope of the Private Education Act are required to register with the CPE under the ERF Under the Enhanced Registration Framework private institutions must meet requirements relating to their managers teachers courses and examination boards Out of 308 which applied less than a third were given the stamp of approval and students are relieved that their school has made the mark Only 63 ERF applications have been evaluated by the CPE of which 36 PEIs like MDIS EASB SDH Institute SAA Global Education Coleman College STEi Institute etc have been registered for a period of four years ERF and 26 PEIs have been registered for one year The registration period awarded to a PEI is dependent on its degree of compliance with the Private Education Regulations, In recent years the country has been identified as an increasingly popular tax haven for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income and tax exemptions on foreign-based income and capital gains Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore (Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012) in 2009 Singapore was removed from the OCDE "liste grise" of tax havens, but ranked fourth on the Tax Justice Network's 2015 Financial Secrecy Index of the world's off-shore financial service providers banking one-eighth of the world's off-shore capital while "providing numerous tax avoidance and evasion opportunities" in August 2016 The Straits Times reported that Indonesia had decided to create tax havens on two islands near Singapore to bring Indonesian capital back into the tax base in October 2016 the Monetary Authority of Singapore admonished and fined UBS and DBS and withdrew Falcon Private Bank's banking licence for their alleged role in the Malaysian Sovereign Fund scandal, See also: Gardens by the Bay and Singapore Botanic Gardens. On 25 September 2006 the Joint Asian Derivatives Exchange (JADE) a joint venture between SGX and Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) became operational. However this joint venture was cancelled in November 2007 with CME Groups selling of its 50% stake in the joint venture to SGX The contracts previously traded on JADE were transferred to SGX's QUEST trading platform, Singapore maintains tight restrictions on arts and cultural performances Most artistic works have to be vetted by the government in advance and topics that breach so-called out of bounds markers (OB markers) are not permitted While the OB markers are not publicly defined they are generally assumed to include sensitive topics such as race religion and allegations of corruption or nepotism in government Nudity and other forms of loosely defined "obscenity" are also banned Singaporean film director Royston Tan has produced movies which challenge these policies including a movie called Cut in reference to censorship of the arts, In the 1920s the Imperial Japanese Army expanded rapidly and by 1927 had a force of 300,000 men Unlike western countries the Army enjoyed a great deal of independence from government Under the provisions of the Meiji Constitution the War Minister was held accountable only to the Emperor (Hirohito) himself and not to the elected civilian government In fact Japanese civilian administrations needed the support of the Army in order to survive The Army controlled the appointment of the War Minister and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only an active duty general or lieutenant-general could hold the post. As a result military spending as a proportion of the national budget rose disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s and various factions within the military exerted disproportionate influence on Japanese foreign policy! 16.1 Special education Climate change denial, Singapore business directory, 3 Presidents of the United Malays National Organisation In his Facebook video post dated 11 December 2018 Loke had claimed that the ILS in Seletar will impacted Pasir Gudang sea port developments and will placed compulsory height restrictions on the port and developments in Pasir Gudang Johor in southern Malaysia and further north all the way northwards to the towns of Air Tawar and almost to Kota Tinggi about 25 km to the north of Seletar. Loke added that Singapore should installed the ILS facing south of Seletar for Runway 03 instead of facing north towards Malaysia for Runway 21 at Seletar airport.