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Ptolemy presented a useful tool for astronomical calculations in his Handy Tables which tabulated all the data needed to compute the positions of the Sun Moon and planets the rising and setting of the stars and eclipses of the Sun and Moon Ptolemy's Handy Tables provided the model for later astronomical tables or zijes In the Phaseis (Risings of the Fixed Stars) Ptolemy gave a parapegma a star calendar or almanac based on the appearances and disappearances of stars over the course of the solar year. Singapore history dates back to the third century It was a vassal state of various empires before being reestablished and renamed by Sang Nila Utama The island was ruled by various sultanates until 1819 when the British came to the island and set up a port and colony During British rule the port of Singapore flourished and attracted many migrants After independence in 1965 Singapore made its own way The British ruled Singapore from 1945 to 1964, The stormwater drainage system in Singapore is completely separated from the sewer system It consists of 7,000 km of public roadside drains and about 1,000 km of major canals and waterways that are regularly cleaned of debris and maintained by private companies under performance-based contracts with PUB. This system has reduced the flood-prone area from 3,200 hectares in the 1970s to about 49 hectares today despite increased urbanization which usually would have resulted in more floods PUB plans to further reduce flood prone areas to 40 hectares by 2013 In the 1960s and 1970s widespread flooding was common in Singapore especially in the city centre which is built on relatively low-lying land. Nevertheless flash floods caused by unusually heavy rains and blocked drains caused damage in 2010 and 2011, Bandung rose syrup with evaporated milk; . Following the war Mountbatten was known to have largely shunned the Japanese for the rest of his life out of respect for his men killed during the war and as per his will Japan was not invited to send diplomatic representatives to his funeral in 1979 though he did meet Emperor Hirohito during a state visit to Britain in 1971 reportedly at the urging of the Queen, Contents Literature of Singapore or SingLit comprises a collection of literary works by Singaporeans written chiefly in the country's four official languages: English Malay Standard Mandarin and Tamil It is increasingly regarded as having four sub-literatures instead of one Many significant works has been translated and showcased in publications such as the literary journal Singa published in the 1980s and 1990s with editors including Edwin Thumboo and Koh Buck Song as well as in multilingual anthologies such as Rhythms: a Singaporean Millennial Anthology Of Poetry (2000) in which the poems were all translated three times each into the three languages A number of Singaporean writers such as Tan Swie Hian and Kuo Pao Kun have contributed work in more than one language although such cross-linguistic fertilisation is becoming increasingly rare.[citation needed], As an example the Prime Minister and Cabinet (as the de facto executive body in the system) generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out executive functions If for instance the British Prime Minister wished to dissolve parliament in order for a general election to take place the Prime Minister is constitutionally bound to request permission from the sovereign in order to attain such a wish This power (along with others such as appointing ministers in the government appointing diplomats declaring war and signing treaties for example) is known as the Royal Prerogative which in modern times is exercised by the sovereign solely on the advice of the Prime Minister Since the British sovereign is a constitutional monarch he or she abides by the advice of his or her ministers except when executing reserve powers in times of crisis; 10 See also Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ??; Sundanese: ??) is an island of Indonesia bordered by the Indian Ocean on the south and the Java Sea on the north With a population of over 141 million (Java only) or 145 million (including the inhabitants of its surrounding islands) Java is the home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the world's most populous island the Indonesian capital city Jakarta is located on its northwestern coast Much of Indonesian history took place on Java It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires the Islamic sultanates and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s Java dominates Indonesia politically economically and culturally Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park Borobudur Temple Prambanan Temple and Sangiran Early Man Site. Christ in Triumph over Darkness and Evil by Gabriel Loire (1982) at St George's Cathedral Cape Town South Africa in memory of Lord Mountbatten! .

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Parliament Monarchy One significant deviation it has from the traditional Westminster model is that a person is nominated for the position of Governor-General not by the Prime Minister but by a majority vote in Parliament then they are appointed by the monarch. (sample) Global The public sector is used both as an investor and as a catalyst for economic development and innovation The government of Singapore has two sovereign wealth funds Temasek Holdings and GIC Private Limited which are used to manage the country's reserves. Initially the state's role was oriented more toward managing industries for economic development but in recent decades the objectives of Singapore's sovereign wealth funds have shifted to a commercial basis. Changi Airport similarly has ILSs that extended into Johor in southern Malaysia and over Batam Island in the Riau region of Indonesia while the Singapore Flight Information Region extended northwards to the Malaysia-Thailand border and into the territorial waters of Vietnam and eastwards towards the Philippines Sea. (1US$ to S$) 20 In the southwestern part of Central Java which is usually named the Banyumasan region a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture.[citation needed] in the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows, Nominal 13.1 Stand-up comedy Chin chow drink (???; xian cao shui) grass jelly made into a sweet beverage, The Singapore government established the Economic Development Board to spearhead an investment drive and make Singapore an attractive destination for foreign investment. FDI inflows increased greatly over the following decades and by 2001 foreign companies accounted for 75% of manufactured output and 85% of manufactured exports Meanwhile Singapore's savings and investment rates rose among the highest levels in the world while household consumption and wage shares of GDP fell among the lowest.